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IL-21 （another common gamma chain cytokine） that is produced primarily by CD4+ T cells of the TFH lineage has a range of functions, including the promotion of apoptosis, proliferation, and gain of effector function in B cells, T cells, NK cells, and DC. After BMT, TFH cells drive marginal zone B cell expansion and aberrant B cell development. These B cells produce alloantibodies in a Bruton's tyrosine kinase （BTK）–dependent manner, and these antibodies are now established as making a critical contribution to cGVHD. IL-21 also induces IL-10 production and can thus have both regulatory and proinflammatory roles, depending on the other cytokines present. IL-21R deficient animals and specific blocking antibodies have been used to assess the role of IL-21 in GVHD, confirming it has a pathogenic role in the GI tract （with receptor-deficient animals experiencing less GI-specific GVHD）. The use of IL-21 blocking mAb used in a xenogeneic mouse model （with NOD/SCID/γc?/- recipients） has demonstrated a decrease in CD8+ T cells and an increased proportion of Tregs. This group also demonstrated local protein expression of IL-21 in the GIT and skin, but not serum. Neutralization of IL-21 represents a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent and treat cGVHD that now requires investigation in a clinical study.